Finland is set to operationalise the world’s first permanent nuclear waste repository, named Onkalo, marking a major breakthrough in long-term radioactive waste management. The facility is located on Olkiluoto Island in western Finland. Best Book for Current Affairs & General Knowledge Preparation
Onkalo is a deep geological repository built 400–450 metres underground within 1.9 billion year old stable bedrock, ensuring long-term isolation of hazardous nuclear waste from the biosphere.
The project began in 2004 and is expected to operate until the 2120s, after which it will be permanently sealed, securing radioactive material for thousands of years.
The repository follows a multi-barrier safety system. Spent nuclear fuel is sealed in metal canisters, enclosed in corrosion-resistant copper capsules, surrounded by bentonite clay, and embedded in solid rock.
The depth of around 400 metres protects the waste from earthquakes, climate changes, human interference, and oxidation, ensuring geological stability over millennia.
Onkalo can store approximately 6,500 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel, making it a long-term solution for Finland’s nuclear waste generated from its energy programme.
Globally, most countries rely on temporary storage methods like surface-level pools or dry casks, making Finland the first to implement a permanent disposal solution.
The project is considered a global model for safe nuclear waste management, especially as countries expand nuclear energy to meet climate goals and energy demands.
Expected Current Affairs Questions for UPSC CDS NDA and AFCAT Written Exam
Q1. The Onkalo nuclear waste repository is located in which country and at what approximate depth?
A. Sweden, 100 m
B. Finland, 400 m
C. France, 200 m
D. USA, 50 m
Answer: B
Explanation: Onkalo is in Finland and built about 400–450 metres underground for long-term safety.
Q2. Which of the following correctly describes the multi-barrier system used in Onkalo?
A. Plastic containers and sand
B. Steel drums and water tanks
C. Copper canisters, bentonite clay, and bedrock
D. Concrete blocks only
Answer: C
Explanation: The repository uses copper capsules, bentonite clay, and stable bedrock to prevent leakage.
Q3. Why is Finland’s Onkalo project globally significant?
A. It is the largest nuclear power plant
B. It is the first permanent underground nuclear waste disposal facility
C. It produces renewable energy
D. It is used for uranium mining
Answer: B
Explanation: Onkalo is the world’s first permanent deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel.
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